Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide in an aging
population. Each year, thousands of people, mostly men, are diagnosed with this disease,
but many of them present too late to receive optimal treatment. As with all cancers,
early diagnosis of bladder cancer significantly improves the efficacy of therapy and
increases survival and recurrence-free survival rates. Ongoing research has identified
many limitations about the sensitivity of standard diagnostic procedures in detecting
early-stage tumors and precancerous changes. The consequences of this are often tumor
progression and increased tumor burden, leading to a decrease in patient quality of
life and a vast increase in treatment costs. The necessity for improved early detection
of bladder cancer has spurred on research into novel methods that use a wide range
of biological and photonic phenomena. This review will broadly discuss standard detection
methodologies and their major limitations before covering novel photonic techniques
for early tumor detection and staging, assessing their diagnostic accuracy for flat
and precancerous changes. We will do so in the context of both cystoscopic examination
and the screening of voided urine and will also touch on the concept of using photonic
technology as a surgical tool for tumor ablation.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 22, 2013
Accepted:
April 17,
2013
Received in revised form:
April 9,
2013
Received:
January 26,
2013
Identification
Copyright
© 2013 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
