Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a very rare endocrine cancer and is associated with
a poor prognosis. There is a paucity of randomized clinical trials for this rare disease.
We aimed to perform a systematic review of the literature on systemic therapy options
in different stages of ACC. A systematic review was performed using Pubmed and Embase
databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
(PRISMA) statement. A total of 24 trials of systemic therapy in the treatment of ACC
were identified and included in this review. Only one clinical trial in the adjuvant
setting was identified, the negative phase III trial ADIUVO, which tested mitotane
in low to intermediate-risk ACC patients. In the treatment of advanced ACC, cisplatin-based
chemotherapy was evaluated in small and non-randomized phase II trials, and response
rates ranged from 21% to 53.5%. The phase III trial FIRM-ACT compared etoposide, doxorubicin,
cisplatin, and mitotane versus treatment with streptozotocin and mitotane and showed
no difference in OS, but higher RR and PFS were reported with the multi-drug regimen.
Six clinical trials of immunotherapy and seven studies of targeted therapy in advanced
ACC were included, with modest activity and no phase 3 trials were identified. Treatment
recommendations of ACC are based on retrospective and small studies with limited systemic
therapy options. International and multi-center collaboration is essential to expand
clinical research and improve outcomes.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: October 22, 2022
Accepted:
October 20,
2022
Received in revised form:
October 12,
2022
Received:
September 14,
2022
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
