Highlights
- •Low- and high-income countries found the highest mortality and incidence separately.
- •Positive relation for GDP, HDI and alcohol drinking with prostate cancer incidence.
- •An increasing incidence but decreasing mortality of prostate cancer.
- •The incidence increase was also found in the younger population aged <50 years.
Abstract
Background
We aimed to examine the global disease burden and trends of prostate cancer incidence
and mortality by age, and their associations with gross domestic product (GDP), human
development index (HDI), smoking, and alcohol drinking.
Materials and Methods
We retrieved the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) database for the incidence and
mortality of prostate cancer in 2020; the World Bank for GDP per capita; the United
Nations for HDI; the WHO Global Health Observatory for prevalence of smoking and alcohol
drinking; the Cancer Incidence in 5 Continents (CI5), WHO mortality database, for
trend analysis. We presented the prostate cancer incidence and mortality using age-standardized
rates. We examined their associations with GDP, HDI, smoking, and alcohol drinking
by Spearman's correlations and multivariable regression. We estimated the 10-year
trend of incidence and mortality by joinpoint regression analysis with average annual
percent change with 95% confidence intervals in different age groups.
Results
A wide variation in the burden of prostate cancer with the highest mortality found
in low-income countries while the highest incidence was observed in high-income countries.
We found moderate to high positive correlations for GDP, HDI, and alcohol drinking
with prostate cancer incidence, whilst a low negative correlation was observed for
smoking. Globally, there was an increasing incidence but decreasing mortality of prostate
cancer, and such trends were particularly prominent in Europe. Notably, the incidence
increase was also found in the younger population aged <50 years.
Conclusions
There was a global variation in the burden of prostate cancer associated with GDP,
HDI, smoking, and alcohol drinking.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Clinical Genitourinary CancerAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.CA Cancer J Clin. 2021; 71: 209-249
- Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today.International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France2020 (Available at:) (Accessed: July 10, 2021)
American Cancer Society. Prostate cancer risk factors. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html. Accessed, July 20, 2021. 2020.
- Risk factors for prostate cancer.Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2009; 6: 87-95
- American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: update 2010.CA Cancer J Clin. 2010; 60: 70-98
- EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer—2020 Update. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent.Eur Urol. 2021; 79: 243-262
- Global incidence and mortality for prostate cancer: analysis of temporal patterns and trends in 36 countries.Eur Urol. 2016; 70: 862-874
- Recent global patterns in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates.Eur Urol. 2020; 77: 38-52
United Nations. Human development classification, 2018 statistical update: Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf. 2018: Accesses, July 30, 2020.
- Bray F CM Mery L Piñeros M Znaor A Zanetti R Ferlay J Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. XI (electronic version). International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon2017
Danckert BFJ, Engholm G, Hansen HL, et al. NORDCAN: cancer incidence, mortality, prevalence and survival in the Nordic Countries, version 8.2 (26.03.2019): Available at: https://www-dep.iarc.fr/NORDCAN/english/frame.asp. 2019: Accessed, May 10, 2020.
- NORDCAN–a Nordic tool for cancer information, planning, quality control and research.Acta Oncol. 2010; 49: 725-736
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program: https://seer.cancer.gov/about/. 2020: Accessed, May 10, 2020.
- Geographical observation on cancer mortality by selected sites on the basis of standardised death rate.Gan. 1957; 48: 219-225
- Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates.Stat Med. 2000; 19: 335-351
- Global trends of bladder cancer incidence and mortality, and their associations with tobacco use and gross domestic product per capita.Eur Urol. 2020; 78: 893-906
- Worldwide burden of, risk factors for, and trends in pancreatic cancer.Gastroenterology. 2021; 160: 744-754
- Differences in incidence and mortality trends of colorectal cancer worldwide based on sex, age, and anatomic location.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021; 19 (955–66.e61)
- Estimating average annual per cent change in trend analysis.Stat Med. 2009; 28: 3670-3682
- Model-based patterns in prostate cancer mortality worldwide.Br J Cancer. 2013; 108: 2354-2366
- Prostate cancer awareness and screening among men in a rural community in Kenya: a cross-sectional study.Afr J Urol. 2021; 27: 7
- Smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies.Am J Public Health. 2010; 100: 693-701
- Alcohol and smoking and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in Japanese men: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study.Int J Cancer. 2014; 134: 971-978
- Cancer screening patterns among current, former, and never smokers in the United States, 2010-2015.JAMA Network Open. 2019; 2e193759
- Lifestyle and anthropometric risk factors for prostate cancer in a cohort of Iowa men.Ann Epidemiol. 2000; 10: 361-369
- Alcohol consumption, finasteride, and prostate cancer risk: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial.Cancer. 2009; 115: 3661-3669
- Relationship between acetaldehyde levels and cell survival in ethanol-metabolizing hepatoma cells.Hepatology. 2002; 35: 1196-1204
- Alcohol and cancer.Lancet Oncol. 2006; 7: 149-156
- Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a collaborative analysis of 18 prospective studies.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008; 100: 170-183
- Estrogen and prostate cancer: an eclipsed truth in an androgen-dominated scenario.J Cell Biochem. 2007; 102: 899-911
- Cancer surveillance series: interpreting trends in prostate cancer—part I: evidence of the effects of screening in recent prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates.J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91: 1017-1024
- Prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: a clinical practice guideline.BMJ. 2018; 362: k3581
- Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.Ann Intern Med. 2008; 149: 185-191
- Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.Ann Intern Med. 2012; 157: 120-134
- Association of reductions in PSA screening across states with increased metastatic prostate cancer in the United States.J Clin Oncol. 2021; 39
- Is alcohol consumption a risk factor for prostate cancer? A systematic review and meta–analysis.BMC Cancer. 2016; 16: 845
- Difference in association of obesity with prostate cancer risk between US African American and Non-Hispanic White men in the selenium and vitamin e cancer prevention trial (SELECT).JAMA Oncology. 2015; 1: 342-349
- Metabolic syndrome and risk of cancer.Diabetes Care. 2012; 35: 2402
- Global, regional and time-trend prevalence of central obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13.2 million subjects.Eur J Epidemiol. 2020; 35: 673-683
- Worldwide incidence and prevalence of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 14.6 million individuals.Gastroenterology. 2020; 158: S-1003
Article info
Publication history
Published online: February 14, 2023
Accepted:
February 5,
2023
Received:
January 10,
2023
Publication stage
In Press Journal Pre-ProofIdentification
Copyright
© 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
